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Prefix-suffix Bicliques

How many word fragments can we find that all fit together?

Posted: Aug 12th, 2025

I saw this toy at the store:

spinning spelling toy

It has five prefixes and five suffixes such that each pair forms a valid word.

prefix suffix
p- -ad
b- -at
m- -ail
h- -ay
r- -ug

Can we do better than 5 of each? I ran a quick search on a dictionary-consensus wordlist, and the best1 I could find was a 7x7:

Prefix Suffix
b- -ad
d- -ang
f- -ate
g- -ay
p- -ear
r- -ill
s- -un

I actually found a few dozen 7x7 sets. The one above seems well-suited to an actual toy, but the first one I found was the following, which would make for a beautifully stupid children’s toy:

Prefix Suffix
materia- -l
rea- -listic
rationa- -lize
natura- -list
socia- -lization
nationa- -lly
individua- -lism

There’s also a 7x8 set, but it has a few questionable word-pairs:

Prefix Suffix
b- -ad
c- -ake
h- -ash
l- -ay
m- -ob
r- -ock
s- -oot
  -ow

And if we’re willing to use medical terminology, then here’s a 10x10:

Prefix Suffix
aden- -algia
chondr- -itis
desm- -odynia
encephal- -ography
hepat- -oid
my- -ology
neur- -oma
odont- -opathy
oste- -osis
splen- -otomy

Other Musings

Can We expand on the original toy’s wordlist?

Yes and no. There are no prefixes we could add that work with all five of the original suffixes -ad,-at,-ail,-ay,-ug.

However, there are another 10 additional suffixes that work with p-, b-, m-, h-, r-:

-are, -ate, -atter, -ill, -ock, -od, -ole, -ound, -uff, -ush

Can we make a toy with only 3-letter words?

The original toy has one two-letter suffix, -ail, which means some of the resulting words are four letters long. that’s a bit unsatisfying. If they replaced -ail with -od, then the toy would be more symmetric. Though “bod” and “mod” are admittedly questionable as words go…

Here’s an alternate set, which doesn’t have that problem, but does have a couple of its own odd or archaic words:

Prefix Suffix
d- -ad
h- -ay
l- -id
m- -ot
r- -ug

Here’s one with a couple “kid-friendly” naughty words - “pee” and “wee” which would paradoxically make for an excellent toy but also one that a toy company would be averse to selling.

Prefix Suffix
b- -ad
l- -ay
p- -ee
s- -et
w- -it

And here’s an alternative with 2-letter prefixes and 1-letter suffixes:

Prefix Suffix    
ca- -d    
co- -n    
ma- -p    
ra- -w    
so- -y    
<!– pa- -t –>

Still not perfect. I understand what the toy designers resorted to -ail.

Can we make a toy with only 2-letter words?

No.

You can get a 3x4 set with two letter words if you’re willing to accept exclamations: ah, am, an, ax, eh, em, en, ex, oh, om, on, ox

But there’s no 5x5 set.

Stop trying to make a better toy. Let’s make a worse one.

That result up above with words like “materia-listic” was pretty silly. I wonder how big I could force the words to be in a toy like this…

Turning to the wikipedia corpus (all words used on wikipedia), I found a 5x5 set where the minimum word length is 17 and the average is 18.8. But this cheats by using both British and American spellings.

Prefix Suffix
anthropomorph- -izations
institutional- -isation
mischaracter- -ization
reconceptual- -ising
recontextual- -izing

Here’s one that doesn’t rely on variant spellings. The minimum word length is only 16, but the average is 19.2. And wow! What a terrible list of words!

Prefix Suffix
otorhinolaryng- -ological
psychopharmac- -ologists
electrophysi- -ologist
paleoanthrop- -ologic
dendrochron- -ology
  1. By “best”, I mean largest NxN set. If we just wanted to know the largest NxM set period, then we would look at every word that ends in “s”. 


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